Edwin Washington Project

EWP 01 Civil Rights

Item Set

Items

• EWP 1 IMAG 0115
• EWP 1 IMAG 0109
• EWP 1 IMAG 0108
• EWP 1 IMAG 0107
• EWP 1 IMAG 0104
• EWP 1 IMAG 0103
• EWP 1 IMAG 0102
• EWP 1 IMAG 0101
• EWP 1 IMAG 0100
• EWP 1 IMAG 0095
• EWP 1 IMAG 0083
• EWP 1 IMAG 0082
• EWP 1 IMAG 0081
• EWP 1 IMAG 0080
• EWP 1 IMAG 0079
• EWP 1 IMAG 0078
• EWP 1 IMAG 0077
• EWP 1 IMAG 0076
• EWP 1 IMAG 0075
• EWP 1 IMAG 0074
• EWP 1 IMAG 0069
• EWP 1 IMAG 0068
• EWP 1 IMAG 0065
• EWP 1 IMAG 0064
• EWP 1 IMAG 0062
• EWP 1 IMAG 0061
• EWP 1 IMAG 0057
• EWP 1 IMAG 0051
• EWP 1-1-1 Yr 1940 McKJackson to Emerick with Bill
  March 18, a handwritten letter by William McKJackson to Emerick, complaining that there is no credited High School for Blacks in Loudoun, gave Emerick a bill for the costs of sending McKJackson's child to Manassas.
• EWP 1-1-2 Yr 1940 Petition 204 Leesburg PTA for Equal Salries
  1940 Petition using 1938 Comparison Data on White and Negro Teachers', Principals', and Supervisor's salaries as evidence of inequitable salary and contracts.
• EWP 1-7 Yr. 1956 Civil Rights Hearing Notice of General Assembly Consideration for Sales Taxes used for Educational Purposes
  1956 Document 2-3. Civil Rights Public hearing by the Virginia School Boards Association on Sales Taxes to be considered for educational purposes.
• EWP 1 U Poll Tax for Colored in Mt Gilead
  Unknown Date, Poll Tax List of Coloreds living in Mt. Gilead.
• EWP 1 1940 March 18 Expenses
• EWP 1 1940 Jan 6 Walter Millss
• EWP 1 1940 Jan 11 George Fox (2)
• EWP 1 1940 Jan 11 George Fox
• EWP 1 1940 Gibbons Tract (5)
• EWP 1 1940 Gibbons Tract (4)
• EWP 1 1940 Gibbons Tract (2)
• EWP 1 1940 Gibbons Tract.1
• EWP 1 1940 Dec 11 Colored High School
• EWP 1 1939 Daily (5)
• EWP 1 1939 Daily (4)
• EWP 1 1939 Daily (3)
• EWP 1 1939 Daily (2)
• EWP 1 1939 Daily
• EWP 1 1938 March 19 Jennie Dean
• EWP 1 1934 Gresham 002
• EWP 1 1934 Gresham
• EWP 1 Legal Opinion 003
• EWP 1 Legal Opinion 002
• EWP 1 Legal Opinion 001
• EWP 1.8 Yr 1955 League Of Va Counties 006
  League met In Roanoke 10 Nov 1955 and was opposed to public funds being used for integration.
• EWP 1.8 Yr 1955 League Of Va Counties 005
  League met In Roanoke 10 Nov 1955 and was opposed to public funds being used for integration.
• EWP 1 Yr 1955 League Of Va Counties 004
  League met In Roanoke 10 Nov 1955 and was opposed to public funds being used for integration.
• EWP 001 Yr 1955 League Of Va Counties 003
  League met In Roanoke 10 Nov 1955 and was opposed to public funds being used for integration.
• EWP 1 Yr. 1955 League Of Va Counties 002
  League met In Roanoke 10 Nov 1955 and was opposed to public funds being used for integration.
• EWP 1 Yr. 1955 League Of Va Counties 001
  League met In Roanoke 10 Nov 1955 and was opposed to public funds being used for integration.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 020
  Page 20 of the Gray Commission Report continuation of Appendix III details the voting procedures for the proposed constitutional convention, specifying that the electorate will only grant the convention authority to amend the Virginia Constitution regarding education funding for private schools. The section explains the ballot format, voting process, and responsibilities of election officials, including certifying results, reporting to the Governor, and publicizing the outcome. Additionally, it outlines State Board of Elections duties, funding for election expenses, and the immediate enactment of the Act due to its classification as an emergency measure.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 019
  Page 19 of the Gray Commission Report continuation of Appendix III outlines the limited powers of the proposed constitutional convention, emphasizing that it may only amend the Virginia Constitution to allow public funds to be used for private, nonsectarian schools. It states that the convention would have the authority to proclaim and enact these amendments without requiring voter approval, ensuring a streamlined process. The document also details the procedures for conducting the statewide election on whether to call the convention, including ballot formatting, election logistics, and ensuring that voters understand the convention’s narrow scope.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 018
  Page 18 of the Gray Commission Report Appendix III introduces a proposed bill to hold a public referendum on whether to convene a constitutional convention to amend specific provisions of the Virginia Constitution related to education funding. The bill argues that a convention is necessary to revise constitutional restrictions that currently prevent public funds from being used for private school tuition, particularly affecting war orphans, handicapped students, Negro graduate students, and future teachers and nurses. To avoid broader constitutional debates and ensure swift approval, the bill limits the convention’s authority to only those amendments necessary for implementing educational aid programs and maintaining segregated schooling.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 017
  Page 17 of the Gray Commission Report continuation of Appendix II recommends that Virginia’s schools continue operating under segregation for the 1955-1956 school year, as the Commission deems an immediate transition to a non-segregated system impractical. It argues that administrative and logistical challenges make integration unfeasible and advises the governor and the State Board of Education to maintain the current segregated structure. The Commission commits to further study and plans to submit a future report with specific legislative proposals but advises against calling a special session of the General Assembly at this time.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 016
  Page 16 of the Gray Commission Report Appendix II details the Commission’s continued efforts to develop a legal strategy to prevent enforced school integration following the Supreme Court’s ruling on May 31, 1955. It highlights that the Commission, in consultation with legal experts and state officials, has studied various legislative options but acknowledges that significant statutory changes are required, affecting school governance, funding, teacher employment, and local policies. The report stresses the need for careful and deliberate action, warning that hasty decisions could severely damage Virginia’s public school system, and emphasizes that addressing these issues requires extensive legislative planning and constitutional considerations.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 015
  Page 15 The Gray Commission Report continuation of Appendix I reinforces the Commission's assertion that a significant majority of Virginians oppose school integration, as evidenced by petitions, communications, and resolutions from local government bodies and organizations. It argues that integrating schools against public sentiment would destabilize or severely harm the public school system, particularly since local funding plays a major role in education in Virginia. The Commission concludes by committing to developing a legally viable strategy to prevent enforced integration while maintaining control over the state's education system.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 014
  Page 14 of the Gray Commission Report Appendix I provides background on the Commission’s formation, public engagement, and findings regarding opinions on school integration in Virginia. It describes how the Commission, appointed by Governor Thomas B. Stanley, received extensive feedback through mail, conversations, and a large public hearing held in Richmond, where the majority of attendees opposed integration. The report highlights widespread resistance from counties, school boards, and organizations, with some groups stating they would rather see public schools abolished than integrated, reinforcing the Commission’s stance against enforced desegregation.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 013
  Page 13 of the Gray Commission Report serves as an acknowledgment section, expressing gratitude to various individuals who contributed to the Commission’s work. It specifically recognizes key figures in Virginia’s education system, legal counsel, and administrative staff for their assistance in developing the proposals outlined in the report. The Commission emphasizes that all suggestions and input were carefully considered in shaping its recommendations. It provides the list of all Gray Commission Members who submitted the report.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 012
  Page 12 of the Gray Commission Report emphasizes granting local school boards the option, but not the obligation, to maintain schools for at least nine months, while clarifying legal procedures for school funding, appeals, and assignments. It calls for repealing outdated or contradictory laws, including those mandating segregated schools, and stresses that all proposed legislative measures must be considered together to effectively prevent enforced integration. The report concludes by urging the governor to call a special legislative session focused solely on amending Section 141 of the Virginia Constitution, which is deemed necessary to continue segregationist education policies.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 011
  Page 11 of the Gray Commission Report outlines additional measures to support the tuition grant program and resist enforced integration, including state funding for half of the excess costs incurred by localities. It proposes giving local school boards greater financial flexibility to allocate funds for tuition grants, authorizing the employment of legal counsel to defend board members, and expanding the Virginia Supplemental Retirement Act to cover private school teachers affected by segregation policies. The report also recommends granting the Attorney General authority to assist local school boards with legal matters related to segregation, as well as amending various sections of the state code to accommodate the proposed changes.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 010
  Page 10 of the Gray Commission Report outlines a plan to fund tuition grants and transportation costs for families who refuse to send their children to integrated schools, ensuring that local school boards have discretion over these expenditures. It proposes that state and local funds be allocated for tuition grants, with legal penalties for misuse, and that school budgets be required to include sufficient funds for such payments. Additionally, the report recommends that the state reimburse localities for half of the additional costs incurred from these tuition grants, further reinforcing the effort to resist enforced integration.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 009
  Page 9 of the Gray Commission Report outlines the proposed process for student assignments, emphasizing that decisions should be based on factors such as school facilities, student welfare, and transportation availability, while ensuring that no child is forced to attend an integrated school. It establishes a formal appeal process for parents who object to school assignments, allowing for hearings at the local level and further appeals to higher courts. Additionally, the report recommends clarifying school transportation policies, reinforcing local control over teacher assignments, and permitting localities to raise and allocate funds for education, including transportation costs, while maintaining the option for funding alternatives in areas without public schools.
• EWP Gray Commission Image Page 008
  Page 8 of the Gray Commission Report emphasizes the need for Virginia’s citizens to respond to the challenge of school integration with the same spirit as the state’s historical leaders. The Commission proposes legislation allowing local school boards to assign students in a way that maintains segregation and offers tuition grants to families who refuse to send their children to integrated schools. It also recommends amending §141 of the Virginia Constitution to permit public funds to be used for private school tuition, arguing that failure to do so would jeopardize other state education programs, including scholarships and aid for specialized student groups.
• EWP Gray Commission Image page 007
  Page 7 of the Gray Commission Report argues that segregation has been beneficial to both races and claims that public education for Black students has improved because of it. The Commission asserts that forced integration could lead to the closure of public schools in many Virginia communities, particularly where white residents would rather abandon the system than comply. It emphasizes local control over school policies, suggesting that decisions on teacher employment, student assignments, and school operations should be left to local authorities to address racial tensions in their own communities.
• EWP Gray Commission Image page 5
  Introduction to the Gray Commission Report on Public Education and its purpose: to examine the effect of the Supreme Court Decision of May 17, 1954, Brown v . Board of Education Topeka Kansas, with emphasis on the Virginia case of Davis v County School Board of Prince Edward County and the decision's consequential impact on education in Virginia at the time.
• EWP Gray Commission 002 Image of List of Members of the Commission, Counsel, and Staff Page
  Members of the Commission, Counsel, and Staff Page. There are 32 commission members, plus two Counsel and three staff members.
• EWP Gray Commission 001 Cover
  Title Page of the Gray Commission Report Senate Document No. 1 printed for the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1955
• EWP 001 Yr 1955 Gray Commission Booklet
  Report to the Governor of Virginia from the Gray Commission regarding the ramifications of the Davis V. School Board of Prince Edward County Virginia Supreme Court Decision in 1954.
• EWP 1 Resolution 003
• EWP 1 Resolution 002
• EWP 1 VEA 002
• EWP 1 VEA 001
• EWP 1 Pupil Placement Board 2
• EWP 1 Pupil Placement Board
• EWP 1 School Board Salary (2)
• EWP 1 School Board Salary
• EWP 1 Parker (9)
• EWP 1 Parker (8)
• EWP 1 Parker (7)
• EWP 1 Parker (6)
• EWP 1 Parker (5)
• EWP 1 Parker (4)
• EWP 1 Parker (3)
• EWP 1 Parker (2)
• EWP 1 Parker (10)
• EWP 1 Parker
• EWP 1 4-5 Number Teachers
  Number of White and Colored Teachers
• EWP 1 Memo
• EWP 1 How To Equal
• EWP 1 Equality
• EWP 1 Distrimination OK
• EWP 1 Discrimination OK
• EWP 1 Brown (3)
• EWP 1 Brown (2)
• EWP 1 Brown
• EWP 1 1949 Daily
• EWP 1 1946 State Board
• EWP 1 1946 Salaries
• EWP 1 1945 Site Selection
• EWP 1 1945 PTA (2)
• EWP 1 1945 PTA
• EWP 1 1944 Transport (4)
• EWP 1 1944 Transport
• EWP 1 1944 StLouis (2)
• EWP 1 1944 Maintenance (2)
• EWP 1 1944 Maintenance
• EWP 1 1944 High School (2)
• EWP 1 1943 Study (3)
• EWP 1 1943 Study (2)
• EWP 1 1943 Study
• EWP 1 1942 Douglas High
  Walter White spoke at Douglass. Letter is an invitation to people to attend.
• EWP 1.1.3 Yr 1942 Douglass High School Dedication
  Regret to attend dedication
• EWP 1 1942 Douglas (3)
• EWP 1 1942 Douglas (2)
• EWP 1 1942 Douglas
• EWP 1 1941 WalterMills
• EWP 1 4-14 1941 Salaries
  Memo reference salaries for colored and white teachers for the 1942-43 and 1943-44 school terms.
• EWP 1 1941 Teacehrs
• EWP 1 1941 Study (9)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (8)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (7)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (6)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (5)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (4)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (3)
• EWP 1 1941 Study (2)
• EWP 1 1941 Study
• EWP 1 1941 Salaries
• EWP 1 1941 Randall
• EWP 1 1941 Ford
• EWP 1 1941 Dean (4)
• EWP 1 1941 Dean (3)
• EWP 1 1941 Dean (2)
• EWP 1 1941 Dean
• EWP 1 1941 Daily Record (2)
• EWP 1 1941 Daily Record
• EWP 1 1940 Walter Mills (2)
• EWP 01 Yr. 1940 Anne Arundell County
  Oscar Emerick requests court order re Walter Mills vs Anne Arundell County
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (10)
  Letter to O. L. Emerick dated December 6, 1940, reference the vote against equalization of salaries.
• EWP 1 1940 Salaries Court
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (9)
  Excerpt from court order reference the salaries for colored teachers versus white teachers in Norfolk.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (8)
  Excerpt from court order reference salaries for colored teachers versus white teachers in Norfolk.
• EWP 1 4-14 1939 1940 Salaries (7)
  Document describes the pay for colored (Negro) teachers and principals and white teachers and principals in the public schools of Norfolk.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (6)
  Page 4 of a document reference a colored (Negro) teacher in the Booker T. Washington High School.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (5)
  Part of court document pertaining to colored (Negro) teacher salaries and salaries for white teachers.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (4)
  Court Document
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (3)
  Court document reference an appeal by Melvin O. Alston, a Negro teacher of Norfolk and the Norfolk Teachers’ Association against the School Board and the Superintendent of Schools of the City, The suit pertains to the fixing of salaries of Negro teachers at a rate lower than that of white teachers.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (2)
  Page 1 of U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit, Melvin O. Alston, and the Norfolk Teachers’ Association versus the School Board of the City of Norfolk.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (17)
  Memo from the State Board of Education, dated December 2, 1940, to the Division Superintendent reference the Court of Appeal’s decision in the case of Melvin O. Alston and the Norfolk Teachers’ Association pertaining to salaries for colored versus white teachers.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (16)
  Letter from Abram P. Staples, Attorney General, to Dr. Sidney P. Hall, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Board of Education, reference the appeals court decision pertaining to salaries.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (15)
  Letter from Abram P. Staples, Attorney General, to Dr. Sidney B. Hall, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Board of Education, reference the appeals court decision pertaining to salaries.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (14)
  Letter from the Division Superintendent, dated December 20, 1940, to Superintendent George Fox, reference the appeals court decision pertaining to salaries for colored versus white teachers.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (13)
  Letter dated December 18, 1940, from O. L. Emerick, Division Superintendent, to Mrs. Hannah B. Daniel of Hillsboro, reference the rejection by the Teachers’ Association of Loudoun County pertaining to the proposal of the school board for the equality of salaries.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (12)
  Letter dated December 14, 1940, from the Division Superintendent to Mr. Alfred Anderson, City Attorney, Norfolk, reference the salaries of white and colored teachers in the city of Norfolk.
• EWP 1 4-14 1940 Salaries (11)
  Court ruling
• EWP 1 1940 Mar 8003
• EWP 1 1940 Mar 8002
• EWP 1 1940 Mar 8001
• EWP 1 1940 March 18 Expenses B
• EWP 1 ByrdSegregation004
• EWP 1 ByrdSegregation003
• EWP 1.4.2 ByrdSegregation002
• EWP 1.4.2 ByrdSegregation001
• EWP 1 1SCANS OF DOCUMENTS
• EWP 1 1956 Jan Cnty Wide League b 006
• EWP 1 1956 Jan Cnty Wide League A 006
• EWP 1 Williams 005
• EWP 1 Williams 004
• EWP 1 Williams 003
• EWP 1 Williams 002
• EWP 1 Williams 001
• EWP 1 White Head 1954 001
• EWP 1 Tenth Amendment 003
• EWP 1 Tenth Amendment 002
• EWP 1 Tenth Amendment 001
• EWP 1 Senator George 006
• EWP 1 Senator George 005
• EWP 1 Senator George 004
• EWP 1 Senator George 003
• EWP 1 Senator George 002
• EWP 1 Senator George 001
• EWP 1 School Briefing 1956001
• EWP 1.4.2 Yr 1955 Gray Comn School Briefing 006
• EWP 1 School Briefing 005
• EWP 1 School Briefing 004
• EWP 1 School Briefing 003
• EWP 1 School Briefing 002
• EWP 1 School Briefing 001
• EWP 1 Negro Opportunity 001
• EWP 1 Mechlenberg 001
• EWP 1 Lovettsville 1955D ec 19001
• EWP 1 Lawrenceville 001